Badawy et al. reported that NAC induced ovulation in PCOS patients through increasing insulin sensitivity(Reference Badawy, State and Abdelgawad13). It must be noted that the GSH levels might be effective in the relationship between NAC and reproductive biomarkers(Reference Atkuri, Mantovani and Herzenberg50). Therefore, NAC, through decreasing lipid peroxidation, could have beneficial effects on reproductive biomarkers. Regarding TT, studies with shorter duration had smaller sample sizes than studies with longer duration studies. In other investigated variables, extending supplementation duration was ineffective in the overall results. NAC supplementation for ≥ 8 weeks led to a significant decrease in TT. Two studies 32,33 showed mild adverse reactions, such as erythema, vomiting, sweating, flushing, rashes, coughing, and itchy skin, and one study conducted by Ferreira et al. noted mild to severe side effects such as gas, an upset stomach, nausea, and drowsiness. In the studies included in the systematic review, no changes were reported in enzymatic activities such as CAT , SOD , and XO , and in MDA metabolite in the IG compared to the non-supplemented group. Studies included in the systematic review of the effect of N-Acetylcysteine supplementation on health biomarkers. Results of the risk of bias assessment of included studies—Cochrane Bias Methods Group . The main biases found in the studies included in the systematic review were items 1 and 4 (Table 2). Supplementation with antioxidants in conjunction with physical activity would potentially reduce the harmful effects of exercise-induced OS, enhance the antioxidant defence system, and increase the beneficial effects of physical activity by improving exercise performance . The references of included studies were also searched. Join healthcare leaders for live online sessions and Q&A — delivering evidence-based strategies to guide patients toward lasting longevity. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and stress management, further support hormone balance. NAC's role in detoxification processes, particularly in supporting glutathione synthesis, aligns with efforts to minimize exposure to such toxins. Avoiding toxins and endocrine-disrupting chemicals is another important practice to support detoxification systems and hormone balance. Comparison of FSH, LH, Testosterone, and prolactin before and after treatment with NAC. Red-staining sperm have intact DNA, while green-staining sperm have DNA fragmentation. B Light microscope observation of sperm morphology c DNA fragmentation was assessed by TUNEL assay. Comparison of semen parameters before and after treatment with NAC. When NAC is ingested and absorbed, it undergoes deacetylation, resulting in the release of cysteine, which is then free to serve as a precursor in glutathione synthesis. Conditions such as fatty liver disease, hepatitis, and cirrhosis are often characterized by decreased glutathione levels. The liver is exposed to high levels of oxidative stress due to its metabolic functions. NAC supports detoxification primarily through its role as a precursor to glutathione, a powerful antioxidant involved in the body's natural detoxification processes. NAC is used as a precursor for glutathione and possesses both antioxidant and mucolytic properties. NAC is recognised as an antioxidant agent that can directly scavenge reactive oxygen species and is beneficial for PCOS patients. Follicles cannot grow and mature due to exceptional levels of sex hormone. These patients may have missed, irregular or prolonged menstrual cycles or high levels of androgens. Overall, NAC supplementation might be effective in the improvement of reproductive system function in patients with PCOS. However, no significant effect was observed on the number of follicles, endometrial thickness, progesterone, serum luteinising hormone levels and sex hormone-binding globulin. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine diseases characterised by unusual levels of sex hormones and dysfunction of the ovaries.