Get the latest in health news delivered to your inbox! However, the optimal amount of testosterone is far from clear. As a result, there is some controversy about which men should be treated with supplemental testosterone. Blood levels of testosterone vary dramatically over time and even during the course of a day. The proper balance between testosterone (along with other androgens) and estrogen is important for the ovaries to work normally. These hormones are thought to have important effects on There may be other important functions of this hormone that have not yet been discovered. For example, did you know that testosterone is a key player in prostate cancer? What's more, testosterone plays other important roles in health and disease that may surprise you. Furthermore, via binding to androgen receptors in muscle cells, testosterone stimulates protein synthesis and muscular growth, which is crucial for the regulation of muscle mass . Numerous studies have demonstrated the benefits of TTh in overtly hypogonadal men. After screening four studies were removed due to duplication, 360 studies were further excluded after reviewing the title, abstract or the whole manuscript due to different exclusion criteria or being not focussed on the objective. The PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus and Cochrane databases were searched using specifically related key words. The brain's hypothalamus starts the hormonal cascade by secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which causes the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) . The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, a crucial part of the endocrine system, controls the production of testosterone. Dysregulation of this feedback mechanism can lead to a variety of pathophysiological conditions, particularly testosterone deficiency; such disruptions may occur due to aging, disease processes, or lifestyle factors, underscoring the importance of accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic interventions . An outline of the major hormonal changes that take place in men throughout their lives is given in this introduction, with special attention to testosterone's crucial role in controlling a wide range of physiological processes. Although new developments are promising, it seems that, among the available treatments, only transdermal gels delivery and long-acting injectable TU have provided pharmacokinetic behaviour that gives a steady state level within the physiological range. Numerous studies have shown the benefits of TTh overtly in hypogonadal men. Testosterone augments the action of NO and therefore testosterone might be helpful in men with LUTS who are testosterone deficient. In fact, several authors found no recurrences while on TRT, suggesting that TRT can be safe regardless of risk 20,21,23,24. These results suggest that TRT might have a protective effect against high-grade prostate cancer 21,22. The authors found that the incidence of positive prostate biopsies was lowest in hypogonadal men receiving TRT and with lower prostate cancer severity in terms of staging.
